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Pharmacognosy Reviews Jul 2014Wild grown European blackberry Rubus fruticosus) plants are widespread in different parts of northern countries and have been extensively used in herbal medicine. The... (Review)
Review
Wild grown European blackberry Rubus fruticosus) plants are widespread in different parts of northern countries and have been extensively used in herbal medicine. The result show that European blackberry plants are used for herbal medicinal purpose such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antidysentery, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, and also good antioxidant. Blackberry plant (R. fruticosus) contains tannins, gallic acid, villosin, and iron; fruit contains vitamin C, niacin (nicotinic acid), pectin, sugars, and anthocyanins and also contains of berries albumin, citric acid, malic acid, and pectin. Some selected physicochemical characteristics such as berry weight, protein, pH, total acidity, soluble solid, reducing sugar, vitamin C, total antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial screening of fruit, leaves, root, and stem of R. fruticosus, and total anthocyanins of four preselected wild grown European blackberry (R. fruticosus) fruits are investigated. Significant differences on most of the chemical content detect among the medicinal use. The highest protein content (2%), the genotypes with the antioxidant activity of standard butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) studies 85.07%. Different cultivars grown in same location consistently show differences in antioxidant capacity.
PubMed: 25125882
DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.134239 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2016Fusarium proliferatum as a common fungus pathogen in foods can produce toxic fumonisins, which can cause animal diseases and increase risks of human cancers. On...
Fusarium proliferatum as a common fungus pathogen in foods can produce toxic fumonisins, which can cause animal diseases and increase risks of human cancers. On contrary, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as a synthetic antioxidant offers a clue for preventing growth of fungal species and inhibiting production of mycotoxins. Unfortunately, information of the inhibitory mechanism of BHA on Fusarium species is still limited. In this study, influence of BHA treatment on growth and inhibition of fumonisin production in relation to the expression of the fumonisin biosynthesis-related genes of the F. proliferatum ZYF was investigated, which revealed that BHA had a negative influence on growth and fumonisin production of F. proliferatum. To further elucidate the mechanism of BHA on the growth of F. proliferatum, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine the F. proliferatum hyphae. The BHA treatment induced the loss of cytoplasm and cellular constituents, as well as distortion of mycelia, but it did not directly degrade the fumonisin. Furthermore, the BHA treatment markedly inhibited the expressions of FUM1 (a polyketide synthase encoding gene) and FUM8 (an aminotransferase encoding gene) genes, which resulted in the depression of metabolic pathway of F. proliferatum. The transcriptional analyses of the FUM1 and FUM8 genes confirmed a correlation between the fumonisin production and its gene expression. This study provided some insights into mechanisms of production of fumonisin and feasible prevention to reduce fumonisin contamination in favor of human and animal health.
PubMed: 27468276
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01038 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022Magnofluorine, a secondary metabolite commonly found in various plants, has pharmacological potential; however, its antioxidant and enzyme inhibition effects have not...
Magnofluorine, a secondary metabolite commonly found in various plants, has pharmacological potential; however, its antioxidant and enzyme inhibition effects have not been investigated. We investigated the antioxidant potential of Magnofluorine using bioanalytical assays with 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ,-dimethyl--phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (DMPD), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging abilities and K[Fe(CN)] and Cu reduction abilities. Further, we compared the effects of Magnofluorine and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), α-Tocopherol, and Trolox as positive antioxidant controls. According to the analysis results, Magnofluorine removed 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals with an IC value of 10.58 μg/mL. The IC values of BHA, BHT, Trolox, and α-Tocopherol were 10.10 μg/mL, 25.95 μg/mL, 7.059 μg/mL, and 11.31 μg/mL, respectively. Our results indicated that the DPPH· scavenging effect of Magnofluorine was similar to that of BHA, close to that of Trolox, and better than that of BHT and α-tocopherol. The inhibition effect of Magnofluorine was examined against enzymes, such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), α-glycosidase, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II), which are linked to global disorders, such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and glaucoma. Magnofluorine inhibited these metabolic enzymes with Ki values of 10.251.94, 5.991.79, 25.411.10, and 30.563.36 nM, respectively. Thus, Magnofluorine, which has been proven to be an antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinergic in our study, can treat glaucoma. In addition, molecular docking was performed to understand the interactions between Magnofluorine and target enzymes BChE (D: 6T9P), hCA II (A:3HS4), AChE (B:4EY7), and α-glycosidase (C:5NN8). The results suggest that Magnofluorine may be an important compound in the transition from natural sources to industrial applications, especially new drugs.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Antioxidants; Aporphines; Biphenyl Compounds; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Butyrylcholinesterase; Carbonic Anhydrase II; Cholinergic Antagonists; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Glaucoma; Glycoside Hydrolases; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Molecular Docking Simulation; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; alpha-Tocopherol
PubMed: 36144638
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185902 -
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology... Apr 2021Tumor data from rodent bioassays are used for cancer hazard classification with wide-ranging consequences. This paper presents a case study of the synthetic antioxidant... (Review)
Review
Tumor data from rodent bioassays are used for cancer hazard classification with wide-ranging consequences. This paper presents a case study of the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), which IARC classified as Group 2B ("possibly carcinogenic to humans") on the basis of forestomach tumors in rodents following chronic dietary exposure to high levels. IARC later determined that the mechanism by which BHA induces forestomach tumors is not relevant to humans; however, the classification has not been revoked. BHA was listed on California Proposition 65 as a direct consequence of the IARC classification, and there is widespread concern among consumers regarding the safety of BHA driven by the perception that it is a carcinogen. While many regulatory agencies have established safe exposure limits for BHA, the IARC classification and Proposition 65 listing resulted in the addition of BHA to lists of substances banned from children's products and products seeking credentials such as EPA's Safer Choice program, as well as mandatory product labeling. Classifications have consequences that many times pre-empt the ability to conduct an exposure-based risk-based assessment., It is imperative to consider human relevance of both the endpoint and exposure conditions as fundamental to hazard identification.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Carcinogens; Food Additives; Food Supply; Humans; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 33556417
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104887 -
Heliyon May 2021This study aims to evaluate the effects of preservatives on somatic cells of . For the evaluation of cytotoxicity, root meristems of were treated with 1000, 1500, 2000,...
This study aims to evaluate the effects of preservatives on somatic cells of . For the evaluation of cytotoxicity, root meristems of were treated with 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 ppm concentration for 5, 10, 15 days. The root tips showed concentration dependent growth retardation in all the used concentrations, as well as root texture, also has been changed mitotic index, total protein content decreased and frequency of chromosomal aberrations increased after 5 days treatment. Additionally, the RAPD-PCR method was applied to evaluate genotoxicity and found the highest concentration (2500 ppm) was comparatively more distant to the control group. Results concluded that BHT and BHA showed positive results and cytotoxic.
PubMed: 34041400
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07055 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Jun 2023Diminished/decreased ovarian reserve (DOR) is a disorder of ovarian function, which severely affects women's reproductive health. Accumulating evidence has found that...
BACKGROUND
Diminished/decreased ovarian reserve (DOR) is a disorder of ovarian function, which severely affects women's reproductive health. Accumulating evidence has found that adverse environmental factors can affect ovarian function. However, whether synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) exposure is associated with DOR is still unknown.
OBJECTIVES
We explored whether concentrations of SPAs and their metabolites are associated with DOR.
METHODS
A case-control study was conducted from January 2019 to January 2020 in China. One hundred eighty-one women 20-44 years of age, with (case group, ) and without DOR (control group, ) were included in our study. The follicular fluid concentrations of typical SPAs and their metabolites were measured, including butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), -butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and five BHT metabolites [3,5-di--butyl-4-hydroxy-benzylalcohol (BHT-OH), 3,5-di--butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (BHT-CHO), 3,5-di--butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (BHT-COOH), 2,6-di--butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (BHT-Q), and 2,6-di--butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one (BHT-quinol)]. Information about serum basal concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and the basal antral follicle count (AFC) was collected.
RESULTS
The measured frequencies of BHA, TBHQ, BHT, BHT-OH, BHT-CHO, BHT-COOH, BHT-Q, and BHT-quinol in follicular fluid were 1.7%, 2.2%, 40.3%, 46.4%, 57.5%, 100%, 64.6%, and 49.2%, respectively. The concentrations of BHT-CHO ( vs. , ), BHT-COOH ( vs. , ), BHT-Q ( vs. , ), and the sum of five BHT metabolites (; vs. , ) in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The risk of DOR was further analyzed according to the tertiles of chemical concentration. Compared with the low levels of BHT metabolites, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for DOR were significantly increased in the high levels of BHT-CHO [, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22, 8.31, ], BHT-COOH [ (95% CI: 1.63, 13.71), ], and BHT-Q [ (95% CI: 1.69, 11.86), ] after adjusting for age, body mass index, education, infertility type, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. Moreover, compared with the low level of , increased adjusted ORs for DOR were found both in the middle level [ (95% CI: 1.44, 11.75), ] and high level [ (95% CI: 1.81, 16.77), ], showing an obvious dose-response relationship ().
CONCLUSION
In this study, we report the measured frequency and concentrations of BHA, TBHQ, BHT, and their metabolites in follicular fluid. Moreover, we found the concentrations of BHT metabolites, especially BHT-CHO, BHT-COOH, and BHT-Q, are positively associated with the increased risk of DOR. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11309.
Topics: Female; Humans; Antioxidants; Hydroquinones; Case-Control Studies; Follicular Fluid; Ovarian Reserve; Phenols
PubMed: 37267061
DOI: 10.1289/EHP11309 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Jul 2021Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific...
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) when used as a technological additive (antioxidant) in feed for cats. BHA is a waxy solid consisting for > 98.5% of the active substance, a mixture of 3--butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 2--butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and is currently authorised for use in all animal species except in cats. In support of the safety of the additive for the target species, the applicant has submitted a tolerance study which demonstrated that BHA is tolerated by cats at a concentration up to 150 mg/kg complete feed. The additive should be considered a skin, eye irritant and a potential skin sensitiser. Exposure of the user via inhalation was considered unlikely; therefore, a risk is not expected. BHA is authorised as an antioxidant for food use at comparable use levels; therefore, no studies were required to demonstrate the efficacy of BHA as an antioxidant in complete feed for cats.
PubMed: 34295440
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6714 -
Toxics Jan 2024Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), a synthetic phenolic antioxidant (SPA), is now widely present in natural waters. To improve the degradation efficiency of BHA and reduce...
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), a synthetic phenolic antioxidant (SPA), is now widely present in natural waters. To improve the degradation efficiency of BHA and reduce product toxicity, a combination of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and Ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)) was used in this study. We systematically investigated the reaction kinetics, mechanism and product toxicity in the degradation of BHA through the combined use of PMS and Fe(VI). The results showed that PMS and Fe(VI) have synergistic effects on the degradation of BHA. The effects of operational factors, including PMS dosage, pH and coexisting ions (Cl, SO, HCO, K, NH and Mg), and different water matrices were investigated through a series of kinetic experiments. When T = 25 °C, the initial pH was 8.0, the initial BHA concentration was 100 μM, the initial concentration ratio of [PMS]:[Fe(VI)]:[BHA] was 100:1:1 and the degradation rate could reach 92.4% within 30 min. Through liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) identification, it was determined that the oxidation pathway of BHA caused by PMS/Fe(VI) mainly includes hydroxylation, ring-opening and coupling reactions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that OH was most likely to attack BHA and generate hydroxylated products. The comprehensive comparison of product toxicity results showed that the PMS/Fe(VI) system can effectively reduce the environmental risk of a reaction. This study contributes to the development of PMS/Fe(VI) for water treatment applications.
PubMed: 38251010
DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010054 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2024Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) are two antioxidants that have been extensively used in many applications. Both are well known for...
Spectrofluorimetric determination of butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole in their combined formulation: application to butylated hydroxyanisole residual analysis in milk and butter.
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) are two antioxidants that have been extensively used in many applications. Both are well known for their debatable health risks due to their multiple intake sources. Therefore, conservative limits are set for them in different regulations adapted to the matrices in which they exist. Here we present a simple spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of BHT and BHA based on their native fluorescence and synchronous scanning mode. The type of solvent and the interval between emission and excitation wavelengths were carefully optimized. Under the optimized conditions, good linearities were obtained between the emission intensity and the corresponding concentrations of BHT and BHA over the range of 3-18 µg/mL and 0.1-7 µg/mL, respectively with a good correlation coefficient (r > 0.99). The limits of detection were 0.9 and 0.02 µg/mL, and the quantification limits were 3 and 0.05 µg/mL for BHT and BHA, respectively. The suggested procedure was validated according to ICH guidelines Q2 (R1). Furthermore, the method's greenness was assessed by three different methods, and it proved to be eco-reasonable. The method was successfully applied to the determination of BHT and BHA in pharmaceutical formulations. We also applied the suggested method for monitoring the residual BHA in conventional, powdered milk and butter, with good recovery in spiked samples.
Topics: Animals; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Milk; Butter; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Antioxidants
PubMed: 38402246
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54483-1 -
Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 2023This review describes the antioxidant activity of flavonoids as a subgroup of polyphenols and a partial or entire substitute for synthetic antioxidants. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This review describes the antioxidant activity of flavonoids as a subgroup of polyphenols and a partial or entire substitute for synthetic antioxidants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All relevant databases were searched using the terms "Phytochemical", "Polyphenol", and "Flavonoid".
RESULTS
The oxidative reaction caused by free radicals is a reason for food spoilage, which causes unpleasant odor, loss of taste, and damaged tissues. The common antioxidants employed in foods include butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, propyl gallate, and tert-butyl hydroquinone. Despite their high efficiency and potency, synthetic antioxidants have adverse effects on the human body, such as causing mutation and carcinogenicity. A whole and a group of them known as polyphenols possess high antioxidant activity. These compounds are potential antioxidants due to their capabilities such as scavenging free radicals, donating hydrogen atoms, and chelating metal cations. The antioxidant mechanism of action of flavonoids is transferring hydrogen atom to free radicals. Accordingly, the more the flavonoid structure makes the hydrogen transfer faster and easier, the more the flavonoid's antioxidant power will be. Therefore, the antioxidant activity of the flavonoids with hydroxyl groups in their structure is the highest among different flavonoids.
CONCLUSION
In addition to health promotion and some disease prevention effects, various investigations have indicated that flavonoids possess high antioxidant activity that is comparable with synthetic antioxidants. However, to be commercially available, these compounds should be extracted from a low-price source with a high-performance method.
PubMed: 37663389
DOI: 10.22038/AJP.2023.21774